Undefined reference to '_ZTVN3hal7ConsoleE' [SOLVED]

[tongko]

I can't get rid of 'undefined reference to '_ZTVN3hal7ConsoleE' which point to constructor of Console class.
I have a static linked library, in it, I've define an pure virtual class name ITty and place in a file name hal.hpp, Console class inherits ITty and have all the virtual function implemented. Everything is fine until I decide to add a global variable 'Console theConsole'. No matter where I place this global variable within the static library's scope, I'll get the 'undefined reference...' error message.

hal.hpp

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namespace hal {
class ITty {
public:
	// Attributes
	virtual CONSOLE_COLOR GetForeColor()				   = 0;
	virtual void		  SetForeColor(CONSOLE_COLOR fore) = 0;
	virtual CONSOLE_COLOR GetBackColor()				   = 0;
	virtual void		  SetBackColor(CONSOLE_COLOR back) = 0;

public:
	// Operations
	virtual DWORD Print(const char *, ...) = 0;
	virtual void  Clear()				   = 0;
	virtual void  MoveTo(const PCOORD)	   = 0;
	virtual INT	  PutChar(INT)			   = 0;
};
}

Console.hpp

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namespace hal {
class Console : public ITty {
	COORD		  m_pos;
	CONSOLE_COLOR m_back;
	CONSOLE_COLOR m_fore;

public:	   //	Constructor
	Console(CONSOLE_COLOR, CONSOLE_COLOR);
	~Console();

public:
	// Attributes
	CONSOLE_COLOR GetForeColor();
	void		  SetForeColor(CONSOLE_COLOR fore);
	CONSOLE_COLOR GetBackColor();
	void		  SetBackColor(CONSOLE_COLOR back);

public:
	// Operations
	DWORD Print(const char *, ...);
	void  Clear();
	void  MoveTo(const PCOORD);
	INT	  PutChar(INT);

private:
	// Operations
	int PrintBuffer(char *__restrict, const char *__restrict, va_list);
	int PrintNumber(char *, int, format_specifier_t *);
	int PrintString(char *, const char *, format_specifier_t *);
};
}

Console.cpp

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Definition of Console class define here.

hal.cpp

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namespace hal {

Console theConsole(CONSOLE_COLOR::WHITE, CONSOLE_COLOR::BLUE);

//    The rest are all hal code.
...
}

build output

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/home/tongko/opt/cross/x86_64-elf/lib/gcc/x86_64-elf/10.1.0/../../../../x86_64-elf/bin/ld: /home/tongko/projects/qios/obj/libhal.a(Console.o): in function `_ZN3hal7ConsoleC2ENS_13CONSOLE_COLORES1_':
/home/tongko/projects/qios/hal/Console.cpp:340: undefined reference to `_ZTVN3hal7ConsoleE'
/home/tongko/opt/cross/x86_64-elf/lib/gcc/x86_64-elf/10.1.0/../../../../x86_64-elf/bin/ld: /home/tongko/projects/qios/obj/libhal.a(Console.o): in function `_ZN3hal7ConsoleD2Ev':
/home/tongko/projects/qios/hal/Console.cpp:342: undefined reference to `_ZTVN3hal7ConsoleE'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

line 340 and 342 in Console.cpp are definition of constructor and destructor:

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Console::Console(CONSOLE_COLOR fore, CONSOLE_COLOR back)
	: m_fore(fore)
	, m_back(back) {}

Console::~Console() {
	// Nothing to delete.
}

Before I add a destructor, the error message is pointing to first line of the class declaration. After adding destructor, I've got this. If I remove the global variable, then the build succeeded.

I've run out of idea what to look at, as this is just a very simple class and global variable.

[Korona]

The issue is that the first virtual function is defined nowhere.

Compilers emit the vtable while compiling the first virtual function of a class (to avoid multiple definitions / messing around with COMMON sections).

[tongko]

I didn't know that one need to define the pure virtual function, nevertheless, I've added a file ITty.cpp:

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#include <hal.hpp>
#include <types.hpp>

namespace hal {

CONSOLE_COLOR ITty::GetForeColor() {}

void ITty::SetForeColor(CONSOLE_COLOR fore) {}

CONSOLE_COLOR ITty::GetBackColor() {}

void ITty::SetBackColor(CONSOLE_COLOR back) {}

DWORD ITty::Print(const char *fmt, ...) {}

void ITty::Clear() {}

void ITty::MoveTo(const PCOORD pCoord) {}

INT ITty::PutChar(INT value) {}

}	 // namespace hal

but it make no difference...

[Korona]

Not the pure virtual functions but the overriden ones in the Console class (they are only pure in the base class). By the way, it is good practice to add the override keyword here.

[tongko]

After re-read your post, I think I definitely miss out something about the pure virtual in C++, thus, I check that again and found that if one doesn't provide the destructor body even if it is pure virtual class (interface), then compiler will throw the error I'm hitting now.

Thank you very much for the advise, thought.

P.s. I'll start using the keyword override from now onwards

[tongko]

I celebrate too early...

After applying changes, now I fall into another 'undefined references to ' error message

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/home/tongko/opt/cross/x86_64-elf/lib/gcc/x86_64-elf/10.1.0/../../../../x86_64-elf/bin/ld: /home/tongko/projects/qios/obj/libhal.a(Console.o): in function `_ZN3hal7ConsoleD0Ev':
/home/tongko/projects/qios/hal/Console.cpp:344: undefined reference to `_ZdlPvm'

In face, I don't have the any symbol named _ZdlPvm or anything close.

[Octocontrabass]

_ZdlPvm

This thread might help.

[tongko]

_ZdlPvm

This thread might help.

Thank you so much! All I need to do is to include my declaration of [new] & [delete] operators, then all is working now.