OSDev.org

What types of binaries are there for an operating system?

Definitions and examples would be appreciated!

You mean file-type? Depends on how your OS loads them, and the FS...

http://www.mega-tokyo.com/os/os-faq-exec.html#exec_files

http://www.mega-tokyo.com/os/os-faq-fs.html#file_systems

Your Windows uses PE ( Portable Executable ).

Any file that's not just ASCII text can be considered a binary. You need to be more specific.