OSDev.org

Posted: **Wed Jun 18, 2008 10:02 pm**

I am in long mode and I have a function put(char) which writes to the screen corretly no problems there. But I then have a function write(char *) which will not print the string correctly it prints nothing.

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void write(char *c) {
    int i = 0;
    while(c[i]) {
        put(c[i++]);
    }
}

The function above prints nothing because c[0] is equal to zero when it should be if I pass it a string like "hello". I don't get a fault or anything just nothing gets printed. I found this in an objdump of my file and wonding if this could be a cause:

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 <.rodata>:
   0:   68 65 6c 6c 6f          pushq  $0x6f6c6c65

My linker script is also below, it maybe could be something in there, I have tryed many things but cannot seem to get it to work.

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OUTPUT_FORMAT(binary)
ENTRY(start)
SECTIONS
{
    . = KERNEL_VMA;

    .text : AT(ADDR(.text) - KERNEL_VMA)
    {
        _code = .;
        *(.text)
        *(.rodata) /* Also tryed *(.rodata*) niether work */
        . = ALIGN(4096);
    }

   .data : AT(ADDR(.data) - KERNEL_VMA)
   {
        _data = .;
        *(.data)
        . = ALIGN(4096);
   }
   
   .ehframe : AT(ADDR(.ehframe) - KERNEL_VMA)
   {
       _ehframe = .;
       *(.ehframe)
        . = ALIGN(4096);
   }

   .bss : AT(ADDR(.bss) - KERNEL_VMA)
   {
       _bss = .;
       *(.bss)
       . = ALIGN(4096);
   }

   _end = .;

   /DISCARD/ :
   {
        *(.comment)
   }
}

Any help would be great, thanks!

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 3:39 am**

Hi,

I wonder if the problem could be that you are putting your readonly data in your code section. My data section runs as follows:

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.data : AT(phys + (data - code))
  {
    data = .;
    *(.data)
    *(.rodata)
    . = ALIGN(0x1000);
  }

..I have taken some lines out for my ctors and dtors sections. This is partly why your disassembler is trying do disassemble the data.

Cheers,
Adam

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 5:22 am**

I tryed what you sujested but it did not work, isn't rodata code since it looks like this:

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 <.rodata>:
   0:   68 65 6c 6c 6f          pushq  $0x6f6c6c65

It has a push command meaning it should go in the .text section.

I also checked my binary out put file and the string is in the binary, since the string is in rodata and i put it after the .text section, then that is where it is, just don't know why its not working, becuase the linker is putting it in the binary.

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0x3f0 | C0 75 D8 C9 C3 68 65 6C 6C 6F 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
        .  u  .  .  .  h  e  l  l  o  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 5:51 am**

Hi,

I have a couple more suggestions. Firstly, does it work if you just do:

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put('a');

?

Next, have you currently got any way of checking the value of the char *c is when "write" gets called? Perhaps use some inline asm to load this pointer value in to a register, terminate Bochs and view the Bochs register dump. Is that value what you expect it to be? Of course, once you get it working, you will want a few sanity checks at the start of the write function (like is c NULL).

To clarify the objdump thing, just because objdump can find opcodes which match the hex data "68 65 6c 6c 6f" (translating it to a pushfq instruction) does not mean that your kernel ever tries to run that as code. You will note that these hex values translate to "hello", which means that it is stored as it should be.

Cheers,
Adam

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 6:51 am**

My put() function works fine, I have a working hex and integer printing functions so I did this to get the value that my write function gets.

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void write(char *c) {
    writeHex(c[0]);
    put('\n');
    writeHex(&c);
    put('\n');
    writeHex(c);
}

Output is like this:

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0x0
0x8FFD8
0x1011F1

So the function is getting 0 for the characters.

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 7:13 am**

The offset to c is 0x1011f1, whereas in the binary its at 0x3f5 (which is 0x1003f5 in memory)

Right now I wonder why the padding doesn't get into the output binary...

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 7:34 am**

Combuster, I looked at what you said and I had change my linker script to see if it would fix it, but of cource it did not, so I looked at the binary file again, and this is where the string is located:

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0x11E3 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 0B 00 00 00 00 00 0F 68 65 6C 6C 6F
         .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  h  e  l  l  o

It look like to me it is in the right place and it should see the string.

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 9:16 am**

I remember there being some issues in an earlier post about the va_arg macros. If you use them, you might want to check out this post.

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 11:43 am**

I am not trying to do anything with va_arg macros, I am just trying to print a string, I am not trying to pass it a string that needs to be formated, with arguments.

I did take a look at some linux source, and the only difference I see is that the use (const char*) instead of mine being (char *), i made that change and that didn't fix anything.

Does anyone have a working 64-bit string printing function that I could look at?

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 12:38 pm**

I have been looking at where the pointer points to and it points to the beginning of the string in memory, I am 100% sure of this, but no matter what I do to dereference that location I get zero, why?

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 12:43 pm**

Try to disassemble the function that is generated by gcc.
EDIT: Are you sure the pages that contain the string are properly mapped?

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 12:48 pm**

I have all memory mapped to 1:1 paging right now all the way up to 34mb.

Here it is:

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0000000000000319 <write>:
 319:	55                   	push   %rbp
 31a:	48 89 e5             	mov    %rsp,%rbp
 31d:	48 83 ec 10          	sub    $0x10,%rsp
 321:	48 89 7d f8          	mov    %rdi,-0x8(%rbp)
 325:	48 8b 45 f8          	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%rax
 329:	0f b6 00             	movzbl (%rax),%eax
 32c:	0f be f8             	movsbl %al,%edi
 32f:	e8 00 00 00 00       	callq  334 <write+0x1b>
 334:	c9                   	leaveq 
 335:	c3                   	retq

after binary linking my function looks like this:

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0000000000000319 <write>:
 319:	55                   	push   %rbp
 31a:	48 89 e5             	mov    %rsp,%rbp
 31d:	48 83 ec 10          	sub    $0x10,%rsp
 321:	48 89 7d f8          	mov    %rdi,-0x8(%rbp)
 325:	48 8b 45 f8          	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%rax
 329:	0f b6 00             	movzbl (%rax),%eax
 32c:	0f be f8             	movsbl %al,%edi
 32f:	e8 05 FE FF FF       	callq  (Do not know what is here now)    <---- Those "00 00 00 00" become "05 FE FF FF"
 334:	c9                   	leaveq 
 335:	c3                   	retq

Posted: **Thu Jun 19, 2008 7:39 pm**

I found out that the string that is passed through the function (example: write("hello");) the hello gets put in the .rodata section as a pushq command, which is weird the parameter is not a (const char *). I include the .rodata at the end of my .text secion linker and then my linker compiles it to binary.

Is that how it should be done? or should I change something in my linker script?

Posted: **Fri Jun 20, 2008 12:17 am**

No. The .rodata section ideally should be in its own section, .rodata, rather than .text, as mentioned at the start of the thread. It is not a pushq instruction, it just so happens that the hex for "hello" translates to that instruction when objdump tries to disassemble it because you put it in the wrong section, as mentioned before as well. See AJ's first post about the linker script.

EDIT: It was pointed out to me on IRC that .rodata should really be in its own section, as by definition it is read-only so shouldn't be in .data, which is read-write. Corrected.

Posted: **Fri Jun 20, 2008 6:55 am**

Okay i understand about the jump command, but it still isn't working.

It doesn't matter what section I put it in, if i put it in .data is doesn't work, if i put it in its own section it doesn't work, if i put it in .text it doesn't work. they all get the same result.

If i get the address of the passed string it is correct:

0x1011F1 - (0x100000 "Loaded Address") = 0x11F1

Checked with hex editor:

0x11F1 | 68 65 6C 6C 6F 00 < "h e l l o \0"

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